MongoDB
About this Refcard MongoDB is a document-oriented database that is easy to use from almost any language. This cheat sheet covers a bunch of handy and easily forgotten options, commands, and techniques for getting the most out of MongoDB.
Configuration Options Setting Options Startup options for MongoDB can be set on the command line or in a configuration file. The syntax is slightly different between the two. Here are the three types of options:
Command-Line Config File --dbpath /path/to/db dbpath=/path/to/db --auth auth=true -vvv vvv=true Run mongod --help for a full list of options, but here are some of the most useful ones:
Option Description --config /path/to/config Specifies config file where other options are set. --dbpath /path/to/data Path to data directory. --port 27017 Port for MongoDB to listen on. --logpath /path/to/file.log Where the log is stored. This is a path to the exact file, not a directory. --logappend On restart, appends to (does not truncate) the existing log file. Always use this when using the --logpath option. --fork Forks the mongod as a daemon process. --auth Enables authentication on a single server. --keyFile /path/to/key.txt Enables authentication on replica sets and sharding. Takes a path to a shared secret key --nohttpinterface Turns off HTTP interface. --bind_ip address Only allows connections from the specified network interface. To start mongod securely, use the nohttpinterface and bind_ip options and make sure it isn't accessible to the outside world. In particular, make sure that you do not have the rest option enabled. MongoDB requires the following network accessibility:
Seeing Options If you started mongod with a bunch of options six months ago, how can you see which options you used? The shell has a helper:
> db.serverCmdLineOpts() { "argv" : [ "./mongod", "--port", "30000" ], "parsed" : { }, "ok" : 1 }
The parsed field is a list of arguments read from a config file.
Using the Shell Shell Help There are a number of functions that give you a little help if you forget a command:
> // basic help > help db.help() help on db methods db.mycoll.help() help on collection methods sh.help() sharding helpers rs.help() replica set helpers help admin administrative help help connect connecting to a db help ...
Note that there are separate help functions for databases, collections, replica sets, sharding, administration, and more. Although not listed explicitly, there is also help for cursors:
> // list common cursor functions > db.foo.find().help()
You can use these functions and helpers as built-in cheat sheets.
Seeing Function Definitions If you don't understand what a function is doing, you can run it without the parentheses in the shell to see its source code:
> // run the function > db.serverCmdLineOpts() { "argv" : [ "./mongod" ], "parsed" : { }, "ok" : 1 } > // see its source > db.serverCmdLineOpts function () { return this._adminCommand("getCmdLineOpts"); }
This can be helpful for seeing what arguments it expects or what errors it can throw, as well as how to run it from another language.
Using edit The shell has limited multi-line support, so it can be difficult to program in. The shell helper edit makes this easier, opening up a text editor and allowing you to edit variables from there. For example:
> x = function() { /* some function we're going to fill in */ } > edit x
Modify the variable in your editor, then save and exit. The variable will be set in the shell.
Either the EDITOR environment variable or a MongoDB shell variable EDITOR must be set to use edit. You can set it in the MongoDB shell as follows:
> EDITOR="/usr/bin/emacs"
Edit is not available from JavaScript scripts, only in the interactive shell.
.mongorc.js If a .mongorc.js file exists in your home directory, it will automatically be run on shell startup. Use it to initialize any helper functions you use regularly and remove functions you don't want to accidentally use.
For example, if you would prefer to not have dropDatabase() available by default, you could add the following lines to your .mongorc.js file:
DB.prototype.dropDatabase = function() { print("No dropping DBs!"); } db.dropDatabase = DB.prototype.dropDatabase;
The example above will change the dropDatabase() helper to only print a message, and not to drop databases.
Note that this technique should not be used for security because a determined user can still drop a database without the helper. However, removing dangerous admin commands can help prevent fat-fingering.
A couple of suggestions for helpers you may want to remove from .mongorc.js are:
prompt = function() { try { db.getLastError(); } catch (e) { print(e); } return (new Date())+"$ "; }
If you set prompt, it will be executed each time the prompt is drawn (thus, the example above would give you the time the last operation completed).
Try to include the db.getLastError() function call in your prompt. This is included in the default prompt and takes care of server reconnection and returning errors from writes.
Also, always put any code that could throw an exception in a try/catch block. It's annoying to have your prompt turn into an exception!
Diagnosing What's Happening Viewing and Killing Operations You can see current operations with the currentOp function:
> db.currentOp() { "inprog" : [ { "opid" : 123, "active" : false, "locktype" : "write", "waitingForLock" : false, "secs_running" : 200, "op" : "query", "ns" : "foo.bar", "query" : { } ... }, ... ] }
Using the opid field from above, you can kill operations:
> db.killOp(123)
Not all operations can be killed or will be killed immediately. In general, operations that are waiting for a lock cannot be killed until they acquire the lock.
The active field indicates whether this operation is currently running. If an operation is not running, it generally has either not started yet and is waiting for a lock or has yielded to other operations. You can see a count of the number of times an operation has yielded in the numYields field.
Index Usage Use explain() to see which index MongoDB is using for a query.
> db.foo.find(criteria).explain() { "cursor" : "BasicCursor", "isMultiKey" : false, "n" : 2, "nscannedObjects" : 2, "nscanned" : 2, "nscannedObjectsAllPlans" : 2, "nscannedAllPlans" : 2, "scanAndOrder" : false, "indexOnly" : false, "nYields" : 0, "nChunkSkips" : 0, "millis" : 0, "indexBounds" : { }, "server" : "ubuntu:27017" }
There are several important fields in the output of explain():
Once an array has been indexed, that index has a special "multikey" flag set, which is what the isMultiKey field in the explain above indicates. This flag remains set for the lifetime of the index, even if it is no longer indexing any arrays.
If an index is used for a query, the explain will contain index bounds fields, which describe the portions of the index looked at. For example, if you know that your documents have an age field that's evenly distributed between 0 and 120 and the index bounds go from 3-5, you know that your index only needs to hit a few percent of the index entries to satisfy that query.
Hinting Use hint() to force a particular index to be used for a query:
> db.foo.find().hint({x:1})
The hint must exactly match the key of the index you want to use. You can see the available indexes for a collections by running:
> db.foo.getIndexes()
As a rule of thumb, you can create an index from the fields in your query. If you have a query and a sort, the best index depends a bit on the query. If the query is for a single value (e.g., {x: y}), the index should be {queryField: 1, sortField: 1}. If the query is a range or set, it may be more efficient to index {sortField: 1, queryField: 1}. If you use this index, MongoDB must scan the whole index to find all results, but it can return them in order without any in-memory sorting.
System Profiling You can turn on system profiling to see operations currently happening on a database. There is a performance penalty to profiling, but it can help isolate slow queries.
> db.setProfilingLevel(2) // profile all operations > db.setProfilingLevel(1) // profile operations that take longer than 100ms > db.setProfilingLevel(1, 500) // profile operations that take longer than 500ms > db.setProfilingLevel(0) // turn off profiling > db.getProfilingLevel(1) // see current profiling setting
Profile entries are stored in a capped collection called system.profile in the database in which profiling was enabled. Profiling can be turned on and off for each database.
Replica Sets To find replication lag, connect to a secondary and run this function:
> db.printReplicationStatus() configured oplog size: 2000MB log length start to end: 23091secs (6.4hrs) oplog first event time: Fri Aug 10 2012 04:33:03 GMT+0200 (CEST) oplog last event time: Mon Aug 20 2012 10:56:51 GMT+0200 (CEST) now: Mon Aug 20 2012 10:56:51 GMT+0200 (CEST)
To see a member's view of the entire set, connect to it and run:
> rs.status()
This command will show you what it thinks the state and status of the other members are.
Running rs.status() on a secondary will show you who the secondary is syncing from in the (poorly named) syncingTo field.
Sharding To see your cluster's metadata (shards, databases, chunks, etc.), run the following function:
> db.printShardingStatus() > db.printShardingStatus(true) // show all chunks
You can also connect to the mongos and see data about your shards, databases, collections, or chunks by using "use config" and then querying the relevant collections.
> use config switched to db config > show collections chunks databases lockpings locks mongos settings shards system.indexes version
Always connect to a mongos to get sharding information. Never connect directly to a config server. Never directly write to a config server. Always use sharding commands and helpers.
After maintenance, sometimes mongos processes that were not actually performing the maintenance will not have an updated version of the config. Either bouncing these servers or running the flushRouterConfig command is generally a quick fix to this issue.
> use admin > db.runCommand({flushRouterConfig:1})
Often this problem will manifest as setShardVersion failed errors.
Don't worry about setShardVersion errors in the logs, but they should not trickle up to your application (you shouldn't get the errors from a driver unless the mongos it's connecting to cannot reach any config servers).
To add a new shard, run:
> db.addShard("rsName/seed1,seed2,seed3")
To enable sharing on a database, run:
> db.adminCommand({enableSharding: true})
To enable sharding on a collection, run:
> db.adminCommand({shardCollection: "dbName.collName", unique: true, key: {fieldName: 1}})
dbName.collName should either not exist yet or already have an index on fieldName (the shard key). If you are using a unique shard key, it must be a unique index.
If you are not sharding on _id, _ids are not required to be unique across the cluster. However, they are on individual shards (that is, you could have a doc with _id:123 on shard1 and a doc with _id:123 on shard2, but you could not have two docs with _id:123 on shard1). As documents tend to move from shard to shard, you should make sure that your _ids are unique if you're generating your own. If you're using ObjectIds, you'll be fine.
To turn off the balancer, update the config.settings collection through the mongos:
> sh.setBalancerState(false)
To turn it back on, run the same command passing in true.
Mongo Monitoring Service (MMS) MMS is a free, easily-setup way to monitor MongoDB. To use it, create an account at http://mms.10gen.com.
See http://mms.10gen.com/help for more documentation.
Quick Rules Databases Database names cannot contain ".", "$", or "\0" (the null character). Names can only contain characters that can be used on your filesystem as filenames. Admin, config, and local are reserved database names (you can store your own data in them, but you should never drop them).
Another powerful option is Post-commit hooks for running builds. A build gets triggered on a commit into the repository. This is more efficient than periodic builds or the poll SCM option.
Collections Collection names cannot contain "$" or "\0". Names prefixed with "system." are reserved by MongoDB and cannot be dropped (even if you created the collection). Dots are often used for organization in collection names, but they have no semantic importance. A collection named "che.se" has no more relation to a collection named "che" than one named "cheese" does.
Field Names Field names cannot contain "." nor "\0". Fields should only contain "$" when they are database references.
Index Options background Builds indexes in the background, while other connections can read and write. unique Every value for this key must be distinct. sparse Non-existent values are not indexed. Very handy for indexing unique fields that some documents might not have. expireAfterSeconds Takes a number of seconds and makes this a "time to live" collection. dropDups When creating unique indexes, drops duplicate values instead of erroring out. Note that this will delete documents with duplicate values! Query Format Queries are generally of the form:
{key : {$op : value}}
For example:
{age : {$gte : 18}}
There are three exceptions to this rule: $and, $or, and $nor, which are all top-level:
{$or : [{age: {$gte : 18}}, {age : {$lt : 18}, parentalConsent:true}}]}
Update Format Updates are always of the form:
{key : {$mod : value}}
For example:
{age : {$inc : 1}}
Query Operators √: Matches
x: Does not match
Operator Example Query Example Docs $gt, $gte, $lt, $lte, $ne {numSold : {$lt:3}} √ {numSold: 1}
x {numSold: "hello"}
x {x : 1} $in, $nin {age : {$in : [10, 14,
21]}} √ {age: 21}
√ {age: [9, 10, 11]}
x {age: 9} $all {hand : {$all :
["10","J","Q","K","A"]}} √ {hand: ["7", "8", "9",
"10", "J", "Q", "K", "A"]}
x {hand:["J","Q","K"]} $not {name : {$not : /jon/i}} √ {name: "Jon"}
x {name: "John"} $mod {age : {$mod : [10, 0]}} √ {age: 50}
x {age: 42} $exists {phone: {$exists: true}} √ {phone: "555-555-
5555"}
x {phones: ["555-555-
5555", "1-800-555-
5555"]} $type* {age : {$type : 2}} √ {age : "42"}
x {age : 42} $size {"top-three":{$size:3}} √ {"top-three":["gold","s
ilver","bronze"]}
x {"top-three":["blue
ribbon"]} *See http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/Advanced+Queries for a full list of types.
Update Modifiers Modifier Start Doc Example Mod End Doc $set {x:"foo"} {$set:{x:[1,2,3]}} {x:[1,2,3]} $unset {x:"foo"} {$unset:{x:true}} {} $inc {countdown:5} {$inc:{countdown:-1}} {countdown:4} $push, $pushAll {votes:[-1,-1,1]} {$push:{votes:-1}} {votes:[-1,-1,1,-1}} $pull, $pullAll {blacklist:["ip1","ip2","ip3"]} {$pull:{blacklist:"ip2"}} {blacklist:"ip1",
"ip3"} {blacklist:
"ip1","ip3"} $pop {queue:["1pm","3pm","8pm"]} {$pop:{queue:-‐1}} {queue:["3pm","8pm"]} $addToSet,$each {ints:[0,1,3,4]} {$addToSet:{ints:{
$each:[1,2,3]}}} {ints:[0,1,2,3,4]} $rename {nmae:"sam"} {$rename:{nmae:"name"}} {name:"sam"} $bit {permission:6} {$bit:{permissions:{or:1}}} {permission:7} Aggregation Pipeline Operators The aggregation framework can be used to perform everything from simple queries to complex aggregations.
To use the aggregation framework, pass the aggregate() function a pipeline of aggregation operations:
> db.collection.aggregate({$match:{x:1}}, ... {$limit:10}, ... {$group:{_id : "$age"}})
A list of available operators:
Operator Description {$project : projection} Includes, exclude,s renames, and munges fields. {$match : match} Queries, takes an argument identical to that passed to find(). {$limit : num} Limits results to num. {$skip : skip} Skips num results. {$sort : sort} Sorts results by the given fields. {$group : group} Groups results using the expressions given (see table below). {$unwind : field} Explodes an embedded array into its own toplevel documents. To refer to a field, use the syntax $fieldName. For example, this projection would return the existing "time" field with a new name, "time since epoch":
{$project: {"time since epoch": "$time"}}
$project and $group can both take expressions, which can use this $fieldName syntax as shown below:
Expression Op Example Description $add : ["$age", 1] Adds 1 to the age field. $divide : ["$sum", "$count"] Divides the sum field by count. $mod : ["$sum", "$count"] The remainder of dividing sum by count. $multiply : ["$mph", 24, 365] Multiplies mph by 24*365. $subtract : ["$price","$discount"] Subtracts discount from price. $strcasecmp : ["ZZ", "$name"] 1 if name is less than ZZ, 0 if name is ZZ,
-1 if name is greater than ZZ. $substr : ["$phone", 0, 3] Gets the area code (first three characters) of phone. $toLower : "$str" Converts str to all lowercase. $toUpper : "$str" Converts str to all uppercase. $ifNull : ["$mightExist",
$add : ["$doesExist", 1]] If mightExist is not null, returns mightExist. Otherwise returns the result of the second expression. $cond : [exp1, exp2, exp3] If exp1 evalutes to true, return exp2, otherwise return expr3. Making Backups The best way to make a backup is to make a copy of the database files while they are in a consistent state (i.e., not in the middle of being read from/to).
If you have a filesystem that does filesystem snapshots and your journal is on the same volume and you haven't done anything stripy with RAID, you can take a snapshot without locking. In this case, when you restore, the journal will replay operations to make the data files consistent.
Mongodump is only for backup in special cases. If you decide to use it anyway, don't fsync+lock first.
Replica Set Maintenance Keeping Members from Being Elected To permanently stop a member from being elected, change its priority to 0:
> var config = rs.config() > config.members[2].priority = 0 > rs.reconfig(config)
To prevent a secondary from being elected temporarily, connect to it and issue the freeze command:
> rs.freeze(10*60) // # of seconds to not become primary
This can be handy if you don't want to change priorities permanently but need to do maintenance on the primary.
Demoting a Member If a member is currently primary and you don't want it to be, use stepDown:
> rs.stepDown(10*60) // # of seconds to not try to become primary again
Starting a Member as a Stand-Alone Server For maintenance, often it is desirable to start up a secondary and be able to do writes on it (e.g., for building indexes). To accomplish this, you can start up a secondary as a stand-alone mongod temporarily.
If the secondary was originally started with the following arguments:
$ mongod --dbpath /data/db --replSet setName --port 30000
Shut it down cleanly and restart it with:
$ mongod --dbpath /data/db --port 30001
Note that the dbpath does not change, but the port does and the replSet option is removed (all other options can remain the same). This mongod will come up as a stand-alone server. The rest of the replica set will be looking for a member on port 30000, not 30001, so it will just appear to be "down" to the rest of the set.
When you are finished with maintenance, restart the server with the original arguments.
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About this Refcard MongoDB is a document-oriented database that is easy to use from almost any language. This cheat sheet covers a bunch of handy and easily forgotten options, commands, and techniques for getting the most out of MongoDB.
Configuration Options Setting Options Startup options for MongoDB can be set on the command line or in a configuration file. The syntax is slightly different between the two. Here are the three types of options:
Command-Line Config File --dbpath /path/to/db dbpath=/path/to/db --auth auth=true -vvv vvv=true Run mongod --help for a full list of options, but here are some of the most useful ones:
Option Description --config /path/to/config Specifies config file where other options are set. --dbpath /path/to/data Path to data directory. --port 27017 Port for MongoDB to listen on. --logpath /path/to/file.log Where the log is stored. This is a path to the exact file, not a directory. --logappend On restart, appends to (does not truncate) the existing log file. Always use this when using the --logpath option. --fork Forks the mongod as a daemon process. --auth Enables authentication on a single server. --keyFile /path/to/key.txt Enables authentication on replica sets and sharding. Takes a path to a shared secret key --nohttpinterface Turns off HTTP interface. --bind_ip address Only allows connections from the specified network interface. To start mongod securely, use the nohttpinterface and bind_ip options and make sure it isn't accessible to the outside world. In particular, make sure that you do not have the rest option enabled. MongoDB requires the following network accessibility:
- Single server - ability to accept connections from clients.s
- Replica set - ability to accept connections from any member of the set, including themselves. Clients must be able to connect to any member that can become primary.
- Sharding - mongos processes must be able to connect to config servers and shards. Shards must be able to connect to each other and config servers. Clients must be able to connect to mongos processes. Config servers do not need to connect to anyone, including each other.
Seeing Options If you started mongod with a bunch of options six months ago, how can you see which options you used? The shell has a helper:
> db.serverCmdLineOpts() { "argv" : [ "./mongod", "--port", "30000" ], "parsed" : { }, "ok" : 1 }
The parsed field is a list of arguments read from a config file.
Using the Shell Shell Help There are a number of functions that give you a little help if you forget a command:
> // basic help > help db.help() help on db methods db.mycoll.help() help on collection methods sh.help() sharding helpers rs.help() replica set helpers help admin administrative help help connect connecting to a db help ...
Note that there are separate help functions for databases, collections, replica sets, sharding, administration, and more. Although not listed explicitly, there is also help for cursors:
> // list common cursor functions > db.foo.find().help()
You can use these functions and helpers as built-in cheat sheets.
Seeing Function Definitions If you don't understand what a function is doing, you can run it without the parentheses in the shell to see its source code:
> // run the function > db.serverCmdLineOpts() { "argv" : [ "./mongod" ], "parsed" : { }, "ok" : 1 } > // see its source > db.serverCmdLineOpts function () { return this._adminCommand("getCmdLineOpts"); }
This can be helpful for seeing what arguments it expects or what errors it can throw, as well as how to run it from another language.
Using edit The shell has limited multi-line support, so it can be difficult to program in. The shell helper edit makes this easier, opening up a text editor and allowing you to edit variables from there. For example:
> x = function() { /* some function we're going to fill in */ } > edit x
Modify the variable in your editor, then save and exit. The variable will be set in the shell.
Either the EDITOR environment variable or a MongoDB shell variable EDITOR must be set to use edit. You can set it in the MongoDB shell as follows:
> EDITOR="/usr/bin/emacs"
Edit is not available from JavaScript scripts, only in the interactive shell.
.mongorc.js If a .mongorc.js file exists in your home directory, it will automatically be run on shell startup. Use it to initialize any helper functions you use regularly and remove functions you don't want to accidentally use.
For example, if you would prefer to not have dropDatabase() available by default, you could add the following lines to your .mongorc.js file:
DB.prototype.dropDatabase = function() { print("No dropping DBs!"); } db.dropDatabase = DB.prototype.dropDatabase;
The example above will change the dropDatabase() helper to only print a message, and not to drop databases.
Note that this technique should not be used for security because a determined user can still drop a database without the helper. However, removing dangerous admin commands can help prevent fat-fingering.
A couple of suggestions for helpers you may want to remove from .mongorc.js are:
- DB.prototype.shutdownServer
- DBCollection.prototype.drop
- DBCollection.prototype.ensureIndex
- DBCollection.prototype.reIndex
- DBCollection.prototype.dropIndexes
prompt = function() { try { db.getLastError(); } catch (e) { print(e); } return (new Date())+"$ "; }
If you set prompt, it will be executed each time the prompt is drawn (thus, the example above would give you the time the last operation completed).
Try to include the db.getLastError() function call in your prompt. This is included in the default prompt and takes care of server reconnection and returning errors from writes.
Also, always put any code that could throw an exception in a try/catch block. It's annoying to have your prompt turn into an exception!
Diagnosing What's Happening Viewing and Killing Operations You can see current operations with the currentOp function:
> db.currentOp() { "inprog" : [ { "opid" : 123, "active" : false, "locktype" : "write", "waitingForLock" : false, "secs_running" : 200, "op" : "query", "ns" : "foo.bar", "query" : { } ... }, ... ] }
Using the opid field from above, you can kill operations:
> db.killOp(123)
Not all operations can be killed or will be killed immediately. In general, operations that are waiting for a lock cannot be killed until they acquire the lock.
The active field indicates whether this operation is currently running. If an operation is not running, it generally has either not started yet and is waiting for a lock or has yielded to other operations. You can see a count of the number of times an operation has yielded in the numYields field.
Index Usage Use explain() to see which index MongoDB is using for a query.
> db.foo.find(criteria).explain() { "cursor" : "BasicCursor", "isMultiKey" : false, "n" : 2, "nscannedObjects" : 2, "nscanned" : 2, "nscannedObjectsAllPlans" : 2, "nscannedAllPlans" : 2, "scanAndOrder" : false, "indexOnly" : false, "nYields" : 0, "nChunkSkips" : 0, "millis" : 0, "indexBounds" : { }, "server" : "ubuntu:27017" }
There are several important fields in the output of explain():
- n: the number of results returned.
- nscanned: the number of index entries read.
- nscannedObjects: the number of docs referred by the index.
- indexOnly: if the query never had to touch the collection itself.
- nYields: the number of times this query has released the read lock and waited for other operations to go.
- indexBounds: when an index is used, this shows the index scan ranges.
Once an array has been indexed, that index has a special "multikey" flag set, which is what the isMultiKey field in the explain above indicates. This flag remains set for the lifetime of the index, even if it is no longer indexing any arrays.
If an index is used for a query, the explain will contain index bounds fields, which describe the portions of the index looked at. For example, if you know that your documents have an age field that's evenly distributed between 0 and 120 and the index bounds go from 3-5, you know that your index only needs to hit a few percent of the index entries to satisfy that query.
Hinting Use hint() to force a particular index to be used for a query:
> db.foo.find().hint({x:1})
The hint must exactly match the key of the index you want to use. You can see the available indexes for a collections by running:
> db.foo.getIndexes()
As a rule of thumb, you can create an index from the fields in your query. If you have a query and a sort, the best index depends a bit on the query. If the query is for a single value (e.g., {x: y}), the index should be {queryField: 1, sortField: 1}. If the query is a range or set, it may be more efficient to index {sortField: 1, queryField: 1}. If you use this index, MongoDB must scan the whole index to find all results, but it can return them in order without any in-memory sorting.
System Profiling You can turn on system profiling to see operations currently happening on a database. There is a performance penalty to profiling, but it can help isolate slow queries.
> db.setProfilingLevel(2) // profile all operations > db.setProfilingLevel(1) // profile operations that take longer than 100ms > db.setProfilingLevel(1, 500) // profile operations that take longer than 500ms > db.setProfilingLevel(0) // turn off profiling > db.getProfilingLevel(1) // see current profiling setting
Profile entries are stored in a capped collection called system.profile in the database in which profiling was enabled. Profiling can be turned on and off for each database.
Replica Sets To find replication lag, connect to a secondary and run this function:
> db.printReplicationStatus() configured oplog size: 2000MB log length start to end: 23091secs (6.4hrs) oplog first event time: Fri Aug 10 2012 04:33:03 GMT+0200 (CEST) oplog last event time: Mon Aug 20 2012 10:56:51 GMT+0200 (CEST) now: Mon Aug 20 2012 10:56:51 GMT+0200 (CEST)
To see a member's view of the entire set, connect to it and run:
> rs.status()
This command will show you what it thinks the state and status of the other members are.
Running rs.status() on a secondary will show you who the secondary is syncing from in the (poorly named) syncingTo field.
Sharding To see your cluster's metadata (shards, databases, chunks, etc.), run the following function:
> db.printShardingStatus() > db.printShardingStatus(true) // show all chunks
You can also connect to the mongos and see data about your shards, databases, collections, or chunks by using "use config" and then querying the relevant collections.
> use config switched to db config > show collections chunks databases lockpings locks mongos settings shards system.indexes version
Always connect to a mongos to get sharding information. Never connect directly to a config server. Never directly write to a config server. Always use sharding commands and helpers.
After maintenance, sometimes mongos processes that were not actually performing the maintenance will not have an updated version of the config. Either bouncing these servers or running the flushRouterConfig command is generally a quick fix to this issue.
> use admin > db.runCommand({flushRouterConfig:1})
Often this problem will manifest as setShardVersion failed errors.
Don't worry about setShardVersion errors in the logs, but they should not trickle up to your application (you shouldn't get the errors from a driver unless the mongos it's connecting to cannot reach any config servers).
To add a new shard, run:
> db.addShard("rsName/seed1,seed2,seed3")
To enable sharing on a database, run:
> db.adminCommand({enableSharding: true})
To enable sharding on a collection, run:
> db.adminCommand({shardCollection: "dbName.collName", unique: true, key: {fieldName: 1}})
dbName.collName should either not exist yet or already have an index on fieldName (the shard key). If you are using a unique shard key, it must be a unique index.
If you are not sharding on _id, _ids are not required to be unique across the cluster. However, they are on individual shards (that is, you could have a doc with _id:123 on shard1 and a doc with _id:123 on shard2, but you could not have two docs with _id:123 on shard1). As documents tend to move from shard to shard, you should make sure that your _ids are unique if you're generating your own. If you're using ObjectIds, you'll be fine.
To turn off the balancer, update the config.settings collection through the mongos:
> sh.setBalancerState(false)
To turn it back on, run the same command passing in true.
Mongo Monitoring Service (MMS) MMS is a free, easily-setup way to monitor MongoDB. To use it, create an account at http://mms.10gen.com.
See http://mms.10gen.com/help for more documentation.
Quick Rules Databases Database names cannot contain ".", "$", or "\0" (the null character). Names can only contain characters that can be used on your filesystem as filenames. Admin, config, and local are reserved database names (you can store your own data in them, but you should never drop them).
Another powerful option is Post-commit hooks for running builds. A build gets triggered on a commit into the repository. This is more efficient than periodic builds or the poll SCM option.
Collections Collection names cannot contain "$" or "\0". Names prefixed with "system." are reserved by MongoDB and cannot be dropped (even if you created the collection). Dots are often used for organization in collection names, but they have no semantic importance. A collection named "che.se" has no more relation to a collection named "che" than one named "cheese" does.
Field Names Field names cannot contain "." nor "\0". Fields should only contain "$" when they are database references.
Index Options background Builds indexes in the background, while other connections can read and write. unique Every value for this key must be distinct. sparse Non-existent values are not indexed. Very handy for indexing unique fields that some documents might not have. expireAfterSeconds Takes a number of seconds and makes this a "time to live" collection. dropDups When creating unique indexes, drops duplicate values instead of erroring out. Note that this will delete documents with duplicate values! Query Format Queries are generally of the form:
{key : {$op : value}}
For example:
{age : {$gte : 18}}
There are three exceptions to this rule: $and, $or, and $nor, which are all top-level:
{$or : [{age: {$gte : 18}}, {age : {$lt : 18}, parentalConsent:true}}]}
Update Format Updates are always of the form:
{key : {$mod : value}}
For example:
{age : {$inc : 1}}
Query Operators √: Matches
x: Does not match
Operator Example Query Example Docs $gt, $gte, $lt, $lte, $ne {numSold : {$lt:3}} √ {numSold: 1}
x {numSold: "hello"}
x {x : 1} $in, $nin {age : {$in : [10, 14,
21]}} √ {age: 21}
√ {age: [9, 10, 11]}
x {age: 9} $all {hand : {$all :
["10","J","Q","K","A"]}} √ {hand: ["7", "8", "9",
"10", "J", "Q", "K", "A"]}
x {hand:["J","Q","K"]} $not {name : {$not : /jon/i}} √ {name: "Jon"}
x {name: "John"} $mod {age : {$mod : [10, 0]}} √ {age: 50}
x {age: 42} $exists {phone: {$exists: true}} √ {phone: "555-555-
5555"}
x {phones: ["555-555-
5555", "1-800-555-
5555"]} $type* {age : {$type : 2}} √ {age : "42"}
x {age : 42} $size {"top-three":{$size:3}} √ {"top-three":["gold","s
ilver","bronze"]}
x {"top-three":["blue
ribbon"]} *See http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/Advanced+Queries for a full list of types.
Update Modifiers Modifier Start Doc Example Mod End Doc $set {x:"foo"} {$set:{x:[1,2,3]}} {x:[1,2,3]} $unset {x:"foo"} {$unset:{x:true}} {} $inc {countdown:5} {$inc:{countdown:-1}} {countdown:4} $push, $pushAll {votes:[-1,-1,1]} {$push:{votes:-1}} {votes:[-1,-1,1,-1}} $pull, $pullAll {blacklist:["ip1","ip2","ip3"]} {$pull:{blacklist:"ip2"}} {blacklist:"ip1",
"ip3"} {blacklist:
"ip1","ip3"} $pop {queue:["1pm","3pm","8pm"]} {$pop:{queue:-‐1}} {queue:["3pm","8pm"]} $addToSet,$each {ints:[0,1,3,4]} {$addToSet:{ints:{
$each:[1,2,3]}}} {ints:[0,1,2,3,4]} $rename {nmae:"sam"} {$rename:{nmae:"name"}} {name:"sam"} $bit {permission:6} {$bit:{permissions:{or:1}}} {permission:7} Aggregation Pipeline Operators The aggregation framework can be used to perform everything from simple queries to complex aggregations.
To use the aggregation framework, pass the aggregate() function a pipeline of aggregation operations:
> db.collection.aggregate({$match:{x:1}}, ... {$limit:10}, ... {$group:{_id : "$age"}})
A list of available operators:
Operator Description {$project : projection} Includes, exclude,s renames, and munges fields. {$match : match} Queries, takes an argument identical to that passed to find(). {$limit : num} Limits results to num. {$skip : skip} Skips num results. {$sort : sort} Sorts results by the given fields. {$group : group} Groups results using the expressions given (see table below). {$unwind : field} Explodes an embedded array into its own toplevel documents. To refer to a field, use the syntax $fieldName. For example, this projection would return the existing "time" field with a new name, "time since epoch":
{$project: {"time since epoch": "$time"}}
$project and $group can both take expressions, which can use this $fieldName syntax as shown below:
Expression Op Example Description $add : ["$age", 1] Adds 1 to the age field. $divide : ["$sum", "$count"] Divides the sum field by count. $mod : ["$sum", "$count"] The remainder of dividing sum by count. $multiply : ["$mph", 24, 365] Multiplies mph by 24*365. $subtract : ["$price","$discount"] Subtracts discount from price. $strcasecmp : ["ZZ", "$name"] 1 if name is less than ZZ, 0 if name is ZZ,
-1 if name is greater than ZZ. $substr : ["$phone", 0, 3] Gets the area code (first three characters) of phone. $toLower : "$str" Converts str to all lowercase. $toUpper : "$str" Converts str to all uppercase. $ifNull : ["$mightExist",
$add : ["$doesExist", 1]] If mightExist is not null, returns mightExist. Otherwise returns the result of the second expression. $cond : [exp1, exp2, exp3] If exp1 evalutes to true, return exp2, otherwise return expr3. Making Backups The best way to make a backup is to make a copy of the database files while they are in a consistent state (i.e., not in the middle of being read from/to).
- Use the fsync+lock command. This flushes all in-flight writes to disk and prevents new ones. > db.fsyncLock()
- Copy data files to a new location.
- Use the unlock command to unlock the database. > db.fsyncUnlock()
If you have a filesystem that does filesystem snapshots and your journal is on the same volume and you haven't done anything stripy with RAID, you can take a snapshot without locking. In this case, when you restore, the journal will replay operations to make the data files consistent.
Mongodump is only for backup in special cases. If you decide to use it anyway, don't fsync+lock first.
Replica Set Maintenance Keeping Members from Being Elected To permanently stop a member from being elected, change its priority to 0:
> var config = rs.config() > config.members[2].priority = 0 > rs.reconfig(config)
To prevent a secondary from being elected temporarily, connect to it and issue the freeze command:
> rs.freeze(10*60) // # of seconds to not become primary
This can be handy if you don't want to change priorities permanently but need to do maintenance on the primary.
Demoting a Member If a member is currently primary and you don't want it to be, use stepDown:
> rs.stepDown(10*60) // # of seconds to not try to become primary again
Starting a Member as a Stand-Alone Server For maintenance, often it is desirable to start up a secondary and be able to do writes on it (e.g., for building indexes). To accomplish this, you can start up a secondary as a stand-alone mongod temporarily.
If the secondary was originally started with the following arguments:
$ mongod --dbpath /data/db --replSet setName --port 30000
Shut it down cleanly and restart it with:
$ mongod --dbpath /data/db --port 30001
Note that the dbpath does not change, but the port does and the replSet option is removed (all other options can remain the same). This mongod will come up as a stand-alone server. The rest of the replica set will be looking for a member on port 30000, not 30001, so it will just appear to be "down" to the rest of the set.
When you are finished with maintenance, restart the server with the original arguments.
Also look at the following site for
- Counting and Grouping
- Grouping Elaborated
- Map-reduce Basics